AI

Learning research & evidence

Read the finding alongside its setting and limits. A tool’s ability to complete a task does not by itself demonstrate a learning benefit.

Psychology survey · Published 2026-10-10 · Checked 2026-10-24

Psychology graduate students: where GenAI is being used

Golding and colleagues report use across coursework, teaching, research, personal life and clinical activities. Teaching had the greatest reported use; clinical activities the least.

Setting and scope

US clinical and nonclinical psychology graduate students.

Limits for interpretation

Self-reported use is not evidence of teaching effectiveness. Restricted access prevented review of sampling and analyses.

Access: Publisher abstract and online publication date inspected; full article not accessed.

Psychology course study · Published 2026-08-19 · Checked 2026-10-24

Does weekly AI writing training help psychology students?

One section received weekly GenAI training. The abstract reports no between-condition writing-grade advantage or self-efficacy benefit over standard instruction.

Setting and scope

Two undergraduate research-methods course sections.

Limits for interpretation

Section allocation and detailed methods were not inspected. This is not evidence that every form of AI writing instruction fails.

Access: Publisher abstract and first-online date inspected; restricted full article not accessed.

Psychology observational study · Published 2026-03-12 · Checked 2026-10-24

Psychology students, AI use and assessment grades

Bailey and colleagues surveyed 164 psychology students. Reported GenAI use related to procrastination and memory difficulties, but not assessment grades. Supervised and unsupervised grades were positively correlated.

Setting and scope

University of Technology Sydney; data concern early 2024.

Limits for interpretation

Associations do not establish causation, authorship or the absence of misconduct. General coursework use was self-reported.

Access: Publisher abstract, introductory context and limitations inspected; tables and complete methods not audited.

Psychology review · Published 2026-03-04 · Checked 2026-10-24

Assessment validity in psychology education

Delvenne examines detection, marking, assessment validity, integrity casework and staff support. The review proposes responses centered on disciplinary reasoning and institutional learning.

Setting and scope

Discipline-focused review informed by UK academic-integrity practice.

Limits for interpretation

An interpretive review and practice perspective, not a trial validating a particular assessment redesign.

Access: Publisher abstract, introduction and challenge table inspected; cited studies not independently re-reviewed.

Meta-analysis · Published 2026-03-26 · Checked 2026-10-24

What a 35-study ChatGPT meta-analysis can tell us

Wu and colleagues pool 35 experimental or quasi-experimental studies and report an overall positive learning-outcome effect. Results vary with subject, duration and instructional mode.

Setting and scope

Studies published in 2022–2024 across educational contexts.

Limits for interpretation

A pooled effect does not predict benefits in Psy101 or establish durable independent learning. Included studies were not individually audited here.

Access: Publisher abstract and date inspected. Crossmark distinguishes March 26 first online from May 19 version of record.

Professional guidance · Updated 2026-03-19 · Checked 2026-10-24

Designing criteria when students may use AI

Dom McGrath’s principles align rubrics with learning outcomes, coordinate expectations across courses and provide suitable access or alternatives when AI is optional.

Setting and scope

University of Queensland guidance hosted in TEQSA’s toolkit.

Limits for interpretation

This is design advice, explicitly not a mandatory policy position. It does not replace local institutional rules or demonstrate intervention effectiveness.

Access: Official case-study text inspected; date is the page’s last-updated date, not an established original-publication date.

Working paper · Published 2026-06 · Checked 2026-10-24

Access is Not Enough: engagement with AI tutoring

Robinson and colleagues report that human engagement support increased AI-platform use, but usage remained low and reading achievement did not improve.

Setting and scope

Elementary literacy; two randomized trials.

Limits for interpretation

A school-literacy implementation study, not an introductory-psychology trial. Increased engagement and improved achievement are separate outcomes.

Access: Stanford institutional summary and working-paper cover abstract inspected; full methods and analyses not reviewed. June precision only.

Working paper · Published 2026-08 · Checked 2026-10-24

One Click Away: Khanmigo in a two-year school experiment

Oreopoulos and Low report modest achievement gains alongside infrequent substantive tutor dialogue. The summary notes that gains resemble those from Khan Academy practice without AI.

Setting and scope

Eighteen Tennessee middle schools; remedial mathematics.

Limits for interpretation

The intervention combines a practice platform with tutor access; it does not isolate an AI-only benefit. Working-paper findings may change.

Access: Stanford repository summary inspected. Linked NBER paper returned 403; full paper not accessed. August precision only.

Randomized field experiment · Published 2025-06-25 · Checked 2026-10-24

Guardrails, assisted performance and subsequent learning

Bastani and colleagues compare ordinary study with two GPT-4 interfaces. Unrestricted assistance improved practice performance but harmed subsequent unaided performance; designed hints largely removed that penalty.

Setting and scope

High-school mathematics at one Turkish school, fall 2023.

Limits for interpretation

Short-term mathematics outcomes do not establish effects in psychology. Removing harm is not the same as showing a learning benefit.

Access: Publisher-indexed abstract, design and results excerpts inspected; supplements not audited. August 2025 correction concerns an author affiliation.

Randomized course experiment · Published 2025-06-03 · Checked 2026-10-24

A designed tutor compared with active-learning physics

Kestin and colleagues report stronger learning in less time with their designed AI tutor than with the compared in-class active-learning lessons.

Setting and scope

College physics; custom tutor informed by pedagogical principles.

Limits for interpretation

This concerns particular lessons and a purpose-built tutor. It does not establish superiority of unrestricted chatbots or replacement of instructors.

Access: Publisher-indexed abstract and introductory context inspected; direct article fetch failed. Complete methods, materials and supplements not audited.

Psychology assessment case study · Published 2024-06-26 · Checked 2026-10-24

AI-written submissions inside psychology examinations

Scarfe and colleagues inserted GPT-4-written answers into real marking. Most were not flagged, demonstrating a vulnerability in that assessment setting.

Setting and scope

Five undergraduate psychology modules at one UK university.

Limits for interpretation

Marker recognition is not a test of commercial detection software. This does not estimate misconduct prevalence or learning by actual students.

Access: Publisher abstract, study setup, ethics, submitted-exam description and detection results inspected; not a complete methodological audit.

Textbook explanation · Published 2020 · Checked 2026-10-24

Operant conditioning: the distinction behind the example

Reinforcement and punishment are classified by their effects on subsequent behavior; positive and negative refer to adding and removing a stimulus.

Setting and scope

Conceptual background for the original teaching illustrations.

Limits for interpretation

The textbook supports the conceptual distinction, not the effectiveness of the original AI classroom exercises.

Access: Official textbook section inspected. Publication year refers to Psychology 2e, not a newly published development.

Textbook explanation · Published 2020 · Checked 2026-10-24

Two explanations of conformity

The section distinguishes normative and informational influence and describes public versus private responding.

Setting and scope

Conceptual background for the original teaching illustrations.

Limits for interpretation

A teaching illustration of competing explanations is not a replication or a validated classroom intervention.

Access: Official textbook section inspected. Publication year refers to Psychology 2e, not a newly published development.

Textbook explanation · Published 2020 · Checked 2026-10-24

Recall and recognition

The section describes encoding, storage, retrieval and forms of retrieving previously learned information.

Setting and scope

Conceptual background for the original teaching illustrations.

Limits for interpretation

The textbook does not validate a particular AI study routine or establish a hierarchy for every question format.

Access: Official textbook section inspected. Publication year refers to Psychology 2e, not a newly published development.

Learning-science review · Published 2013-01-08 · Checked 2026-10-24

Practice testing and the conditions of learning

The review evaluates ten techniques and rates practice testing and distributed practice as high utility across the literature reviewed.

Setting and scope

Conceptual background for the original teaching illustrations.

Limits for interpretation

A broader review from 2013, not a study of current AI tools. Implementation and the criterion task matter; this does not establish effects for the exact examples on this site.

Access: Publisher abstract and PubMed abstract inspected; full review not read.

Practitioner discussion · Published 2026-10-20 · Checked 2026-10-24

How another discipline is responding to AI

The panel discusses curriculum choices, foundational knowledge and how students use AI. It offers questions for comparing disciplinary responses.

Setting and scope

Higher-education computer-science teaching; a panel recorded during summer 2026.

Limits for interpretation

Practitioner accounts and arguments, not a controlled study or evidence that the same responses work in psychology.

Access: Official episode page, show notes and selected transcript passages inspected; audio not listened to in full.

Professional guidance · Published 2023-09-07 · Checked 2026-10-24

Human agency and ethical suitability in education

The overview advocates institutional examination of ethical and pedagogical suitability, with attention to human agency, privacy and inclusion.

Setting and scope

UNESCO education and research guidance; official overview updated January 16, 2026.

Limits for interpretation

Guidance, not a classroom experiment or a determination of local legal requirements. The book was not reviewed in full for this entry.

Access: Official overview, author metadata, original date, update date and scope paragraphs read. Earlier transferred book-ledger scope remains separately preserved.

Governance framework · Published 2024-07-26 · Checked 2026-10-24

Privacy, bias and governance across the generative AI lifecycle

The profile considers privacy, harmful bias, human–AI arrangements, intellectual property and third-party responsibilities as areas for risk management.

Setting and scope

NIST AI 600-1, a voluntary cross-sector companion to AI RMF 1.0.

Limits for interpretation

A governance framework, not evidence about a particular course, product or compliance outcome. Referenced empirical studies were not independently audited here.

Access: Official NIST publication metadata and PDF introduction; selected definitions and privacy/bias passages on printed pages 1–9; governance passages on printed pages 21/26/27 and deactivation recommendations on page 41 inspected. The full 64-page PDF was not reviewed.

Technology sources answer a different question

The following document capabilities and system design. They do not establish learning benefits.

OpenAI API changelog

Records Agents API public beta, hosted browser access, and sandbox document skills.

Living vendor record. A release is not evidence of account access or instructional effectiveness. Individual development dates are given separately.

Inspection scope and source record

Computer use: Agents API

Browser access needs origin approvals. The documentation explicitly separates website approval from confirmation for individual consequential actions.

Undated living documentation. No independent security or educational evaluation performed.

Inspection scope and source record

Building agents

Explains custom and built-in tools, multi-step orchestration, and computer-control loops.

Conceptual documentation can span several API paths. It does not establish a specific course implementation.

Inspection scope and source record

Claude Managed Agents overview

Describes long-running file, shell, web, and MCP work; Managed Agents remains beta. Stateful sessions are not eligible for Zero Data Retention under this page.

Undated living documentation. Account conditions and institutional approval require separate checking.

Inspection scope and source record

DeepSeek Tool Calls

A model can request a function call; application code executes the function and returns its result.

A tool request is not execution or permission. The application controls what is actually available. No teaching effectiveness evidence.

Inspection scope and source record